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Abstract
Biosynthesis of the black perithecial pigment in the filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum is dependent on the polyketide synthase PGL1 (oPKS3). A seven-membered PGL1 gene cluster was identified by over-expression of the cluster specific transcription factor pglR. Targeted gene replacement showed that PGL1, pglJ, pglM and pglV were essential for the production of the perithecial pigment. Over-expression of PGL1 resulted in the production of 6-O-demethyl-5-deoxybostrycoidin (1), 5-deoxybostrycoidin (2), and three novel compounds 5-deoxybostrycoidin anthrone (3), 6-O-demethyl-5-deoxybostrycoidin anthrone (4) and purpurfusarin (5). The novel dimeric bostrycoidin purpurfusarin (5) was found to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans with an IC50 of 8.0 +/− 1.9 μM. The results show that Fusarium species with black perithecia have a previously undescribed form of 5-deoxybostrycoidin based melanin in their fruiting bodies.
Highlights
The sexual development of the homothallic Fusarium graminearum (Fg) on wheat plants and in culture is well-described1,2
As no other orthologs were found in the Fg genome we hypothesize that pglL is not part of the cluster15
In Fusarium solani (Fs) and Fusarium virguliforme (Fvi), both members of the former Nectria genus, larger inserts are found between pglM and pglX (Fig. 2A)
Summary
The sexual development of the homothallic Fusarium graminearum (Fg) on wheat plants and in culture is well-described. The outer layer is two to three cells thick and consist of thick-walled, highly vacuolated spherical cells that accumulate a blue-violet pigment of unknown structure (Fig. 1) This pigment gives the perithecia their black appearance on the macroscopic scale, a feature that is shared by all members of the former Gibberella genus. Fusarubins are characterized by their yellow to red colors at physiological pH14, which does not correspond to the color observed in Fg perithecia and other former members of the Gibberella genus. This indicates that PGL1 might produce alternative compounds to fusarubin in perithecial tissues. Since the previous studies have not included chemical analysis of perithecia the aim of this study has been to reveal the chemical composition of the pigments in perithecia from Fusarium sp
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