Abstract
Pleiotropic effects of spices on health, particularly on glucose metabolism and energy regulation, deserve further clinical investigation into their efficacy. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether consumption of a black pepper-based beverage (BPB) preload containing 20 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) would exert any effect on postprandial glycaemia, appetite sensations, gut hormones, thyroid function, and gastrointestinal well-being after a white wheat bread (WWB) challenge meal containing 50 g available carbohydrates (CHO) compared to a control beverage. Sixteen healthy subjects (10 men; 6 women; 26 ± 0.9 years; BMI 22.93 ± 0.53 kg m-2) completed a randomized, crossover intervention study. The BPB's bioactive compounds were characterized using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source (UHPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS). Nine compounds tentatively identified in BPB include: dihydroxybenzoic acid hexoside-pentoside, decaffeoyl-acteoside, cynaroside A, apigenin 6,8-di-C-hexoside, luteolin 6-C-hexoside-8-C-rhamnoside, apigenin 8-C-hexoside-C-deoxyhexoside, kaempferol 3-rhamnoside-4'-xyloside, apigenin 7-neohesperidoside, and apigenin-8-C-arabinopyranoside-2''-rhamnoside. Blood glucose and serum insulin responses, insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were not affected during the acute intervention with BPB. Neither were effects on gastrointestinal well-being observed after BPB. However, BPB modulated overall acute appetite by lowering 'hunger', 'desire to eat', and 'prospective consumption', and increasing 'satiety' and 'fullness'. In contrast, there were no changes in gut (peptide tyrosine-tyrosine [PYY] and glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1]) and thyroid (triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine [T4]) hormones after BPB compared to the control beverage. In conclusion, inclusion of BPB prior to the WWB challenge meal might be beneficial for appetite modulation, but we did not find supporting evidence in glycaemia, gut and thyroid hormones. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of appetite-reducing pungent spices, such as black pepper.
Highlights
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased indiscriminately in all parts of the world causing economic and Evidence shows that food-derived polyphenols have beneficial effects on metabolic diseases.[5]
The primary objective of the present study was to examine the postprandial effect of a black pepper-based beverage (BPB) on glycaemia and the secondary objectives were to investigate its effects on appetite, gastrointestinal well-being, gut hormones as well as thyroid hormones postprandially after a white wheat bread (WWB) challenge in healthy adults
The main findings of our study are that consumption of the BPB preload modulated postprandial appetite response by increasing ‘satiety’ and ‘fullness’, while reducing ‘hunger’, ‘desire to eat’ and ‘prospective consumption’ when consumed shortly before a WWB meal challenge
Summary
Evidence shows that food-derived polyphenols have beneficial effects on metabolic diseases.[5] Plant-derived phenolic compounds have been shown to modulate blood glucose regulation through inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase as well 2774 | Food Funct., 2018, 9, 2774–2786. It has been shown that consumption of low glycaemic index foods could influence shortterm control of appetite and satiety.[7,8] In addition, emerging evidence shows that phenolic compounds potentially influence appetite regulation and body weight.[9] certain polyphenols modulate cellular energy expenditure and thyroid hormone activation[10] and might be beneficial for maintaining energy balance.[11]. The primary objective of the present study was to examine the postprandial effect of a black pepper-based beverage (BPB) on glycaemia and the secondary objectives were to investigate its effects on appetite, gastrointestinal well-being, gut hormones ( peptide tyrosine–tyrosine [PYY] and glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1]) as well as thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine [T4]) postprandially after a white wheat bread (WWB) challenge in healthy adults
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