Abstract
Black holes are hot . Heating of the ultra-dense core of a black hole by incoming particles of interstellar matter is sufficient to generate a quark-gluon plasma. This plasma, which can include particles ranging from photons, gluons, neutrinos and quarks to hadrons and beyond, could be regarded as the final product of the stellar collapse that led to formation of the black hole. Because the energy of neutrinos inside a black hole is quantized and the number of levels between the core and the event horizon is finite, excess neutrinos must either react with the core or escape through the event horizon. The escaping neutrinos could be among the high-energy neutrinos that have been detected by the IceCube experiment.
Highlights
A recent paper (Phillips, 2014) by the present author pointed out that the existence of a mathematical singularity at the centre of a black hole is ruled out by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Heating of the ultra-dense core of a black hole by incoming particles of interstellar matter is sufficient to generate a quark-gluon plasma. This plasma, which can include particles ranging from photons, gluons, neutrinos and quarks to hadrons and beyond, could be regarded as the final product of the stellar collapse that led to formation of the black hole
The escaping neutrinos could be among the high-energy neutrinos that have been detected by the IceCube experiment
Summary
A recent paper (Phillips, 2014) by the present author pointed out that the existence of a mathematical singularity at the centre of a black hole is ruled out by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. One finds that the problem is not in the mathematics that led to the idea of a singularity, but in the physical model to which the mathematics was applied, a model which predates current awareness that a quark-gluon plasma can be formed from particles that collide at very high energy (Peressounko & Pokrovsky, 2000; Jacak, 2001; Fries, Greco, & Sorensen, 2008; Petráň, Letessier, Petráček, & Rafelski, 2014; Müller, 2015) (Reader please note: the study of the quark-gluon plasma is a very large and active field, and these references are representative of a list that would be longer than the present article.) A process in which particles of matter disappear into a genuine mathematical singularity of zero dimensions effectively involves collisions at infinite energy, which is another reason for believing that such a process cannot occur It follows that, as stated in Phillips (2014), the centre of a black hole must be occupied by a spheroidal lump or core of ultra-dense matter. The steady-state temperature will depend upon the heat capacity of the ultra-dense matter in the core, which can probably be estimated on the basis of the law of Dulong and Petit, and on the balance between the inward flow of interstellar matter through the horizon, and the sum of the rate of escape of energetic neutrinos in the opposite direction plus the rate of absorption of www.ccsenet.org/apr
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