Bistability and bifurcations for a food chain model with nonlinear harvesting of top predator

Abstract

In this paper, we study a prey–predator–top predator food chain model with nonlinear harvesting of top predator. We have derived two important thresholds: the top predator extinction threshold and the coexistence threshold. We found that the top predator will die out if the nonlinear harvesting from predator to top predator is larger than the top predator extinction threshold. On the other hand, the prey, predator and top predator coexist if the nonlinear harvesting from predator to top predator is less than the coexistence threshold. While the parameter value of nonlinear harvesting from predator to top predator is between two critical thresholds, the system displays bistability phenomena, implying that the top predator species either die out or exist with the prey and predator species, which largely depend on the initial condition. Thus, a bistable interval exists between two critical thresholds, which is a significant phenomenon for the model. Meanwhile, we performed bifurcation analysis for the model, showing that the system would arise backward/forward bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation. Finally, we performed numerical simulations to verify the theoretical analysis.