Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical component of plastics, is a widely distributed environmental pollutant and contaminant of water, air, and food that negatively impacts human health. Concerns regarding BPA have led to the use of BPA-free alternatives, one of which is bisphenol S (BPS). However, the effects of BPS are not well characterized, and its specific effects on reproduction and fertility remain unknown. It is therefore necessary to evaluate any effects of BPS on mammalian oocytes. The present study is the first to demonstrate the markedly negative effects of BPS on pig oocyte maturation in vitro, even at doses lower than those humans are exposed to in the environment. Our results demonstrate (1) an effect of BPS on the course of the meiotic cell cycle; (2) the failure of tubulin fibre formation, which controls proper chromosome movement; (3) changes in the supply of maternal mRNA; (4) changes in the protein amounts and distribution of oestrogen receptors α and β and of aromatase; and (5) disrupted cumulus cell expansion. Thus, these results confirm that BPS is an example of regrettable substitution because this substance exerts similar or even worse negative effects than those of the material it replaced.
Highlights
Many anthropogenic substances introduced to the environment exert endocrine-disrupting effects and negatively affect animal and human health by altering the functions of various endogenous hormones, even at very low doses[1]
After 24 and 48 h of in vitro culture, none of the bisphenol S (BPS) treatments (3 nM, 300 nM or 30 μM) influenced the viability of oocytes and cumulus cells. Both progression to metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II (MII) were sensitive to BPS
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the relationship between BPS exposure and the maturation of mammalian oocytes
Summary
Many anthropogenic substances introduced to the environment exert endocrine-disrupting effects and negatively affect animal and human health by altering the functions of various endogenous hormones, even at very low doses[1]. BPS simulates the actions of oestrogens, and a number of studies have demonstrated the negative effects of BPS on a wide range of physiological processes[13]. There are many indications that BPS has become a “regrettable substitution”, that the endocrine disruptor BPA has been replaced by a substance that exerts vigorous endocrine-disruptive effects[14, 15]. Meiotic maturation of oocytes is a highly sensitive reproductive physiological process. The results reported here are the first to demonstrate the detrimental effects of BPS on the maturation of mammalian oocytes in vitro, indicating the regrettable substitution of BPS for BPA merits our attention with respect to mammalian reproduction
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