Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is a chemical compound that is utilized in the plastic industry as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). The toxic effects of BPS in fish is less known and limited. Therefore, in the present study, the influence of BPS on rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) hepatocytes in vitro was investigated. For this purpose the fish hepatocytes were isolated, and then the cultured cells were treated with increasing concentrations of BPS (0, 15.63, 31.25, 62.50, 125, 250, and 500 µM) for 24h. The cytotoxic impact of BPS was determined in the culture media using lactate dehydrogenase assay and then, the antioxidant defence indicators were assayed. The results showed that concentration-dependent increases were observed in the percentage of cytotoxicity. The superoxide dismutase activity was reduced, while the catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity increased with all of the BPS concentrations. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity significantly increased after a BPS concentration of 31.25 µM or higher, while GST Theta 1-1 activity was decreased by the same concentrations of BPS. The reduced glutathione content significantly decreased with a BPS concentration of 31.25 µM or higher, and the malondialdehyde content increased after BPS concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 µM. The findings determined herein suggested that BPS causes cytotoxicity in fish hepatocytes and can lead to oxidative stress, resulting hepatotoxic in fish. Thus, the utilization of BPS instead of BPA as safe alternative in industry should be re-evaluated in the future for environmental health.
Highlights
The findings determined suggested that Bisphenol S (BPS) causes cytotoxicity in fish hepatocytes and could lead to oxidative stress, resulting hepatotoxicity in fish
The utilization of BPS instead of bisphenol A (BPA) as safe alternative in industry should be re-evaluated in the future for environmental health
It is well-known that bisphenol A (BPA) is a an endocrine-disrupting chemical, as well as a suspected carcinogen that is used in the production of plastic materials, food packaging, medical equipment, dental sealants, baby bottles, adhesives, flame retardants, toys, and thermal receipts [1, 2]
Summary
It is well-known that bisphenol A (BPA) is a an endocrine-disrupting chemical, as well as a suspected carcinogen that is used in the production of plastic materials, food packaging, medical equipment, dental sealants, baby bottles, adhesives, flame retardants, toys, and thermal receipts [1, 2]. The treatment of zebrafish (Danio rerio) with BPS resulted in a skewed sex ratio towards the side of females, low testosterone levels in males, significant escalations in plasma vitellogenin, decreased levels of plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine, decreases in egg production and sperm count, and lower hatching rate [17]. Apart from these studies in fish, it was documented that BPS depresses hematological functions and promotes cardiovascular function in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the influence of BPS on rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) hepatocytes in vitro
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