Abstract
BackgroundBisphenol A is a high production volume chemical widely used in manufacturing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used in many industries. Due to its adverse effects on human health as an endocrine disruptor and many other effects on the various organs of the human body as well as aquatic organisms, it should be removed from the aquatic environments. This study aimed to mineralisation of BPA from aquatic environments by application of novel UV/SPS/H2O2/Cu system and optimization and modelling of its removal using central composite design (CCD) from response surface methodology (RSM).MethodsCCD from RSM was used for modeling and optimization of operation parameters on the BPA degradation using UV/SPS/HP/Cu system. Effective operation parameters were initial persulfate, H2O2, Cu2+ and BPA concentration along with pH and reaction time, all in three levels were investigated. For analysis of obtained data ANOVA test was used.ResultsThe results showed that a quadratic model is suitable to fit the experimental data (p < 0.0001). Analysis of response surface plots showed a considerable impact of all six selected variables which BPA and Cu2+ initial concentrations have been the highest and the least impact on the process, respectively. F-value of model was 54.74 that indicate significance of the model. The optimum values of the operation parameters were determined. The maximum removal of BPA was achieved 99.99 % in optimal conditions and in that condition TOC removal was about 70 %. Finally, validation and accuracy of the model were also evaluated by graphical residual analysis and the influential diagnostics plots. The higher relevance between actual and predicted values demonstrated the validation and applicability of the obtained equation as the model.ConclusionsAccording to the results, UV/SPS/HP/Cu system is an effective process in degradation and mineralisation of BPA and CCD methodology is a convenient and reliable statistical tool for optimizing BPA removal from aqueous solutions.
Highlights
Bisphenol A is a high production volume chemical widely used in manufacturing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used in many industries
Selecting the ratio for reagents The overall efficiency of the UV/Sodium persulfate (SPS)/HP/Cu system was determined with multi-simplex method as a results of our pre-test experiments (Results not shown)
Different levels of chemicals and parameters were selected and applied alone in the wider ranges for each parameter (UV lamp: 30 Wat as fixed; SPS: 0.1–10 as molar ratio; HP (Hydrogen peroxide): 0.1–5 as molar ratio; Cu2+: 0.1–2; Bisphenol A (BPA): 5–40 milligram per litre (mg/L)); in this stage it was shown that use of the each variable alone, have the less efficiency in removal and degradation of BPA and for more effectiveness PS must be active with activation factors such as UV, Cu2+ and hydrogen peroxide [43,44,45]
Summary
Bisphenol A is a high production volume chemical widely used in manufacturing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used in many industries. The so-called emerging contaminants (CECs or ECs) have assigned the majority of environmental researches. This is due to concerns about the potential effects of these chemicals on human health and the environment [1,2,3,4]. A group of these pollutants is endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and potential EDCs are mostly man-made, found in various materials such as pesticides, metals, additives or contaminants in food, and personal care products. It has shown that BPA has hormone-like properties at higher concentrations, so causes an increase in concerns about its entrance to the environment as well as its suitability in different applications such as consumption goods and packaging for some food products [3]
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