Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an extremely common polymer that is used in typical everyday products throughout the world, especially in food and beverage containers. Within the last ten years, it has been found that the BPA monomer tends to leach into foodstuffs, and nanogram concentrations of it may cause a variety of deleterious health effects. These health problems are very evident in developing children and in young adults. The aim of this study was to expose developing pigs to dietary BPA at both legally acceptable and ten-fold higher levels. Livers that had been exposed to BPA showed vacuolar degeneration, sinusoidal dilatation, vascular congestion and glycogen depletion that increased with exposure levels. Furthermore, the livers of these models were then examined for irregularities and double-labeled immunofluorescence was used to check the innervated hepatic samples for varying neuronal expression of selected neuronal markers in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). It was found that both the PSNS and all of the neuronal markers showed increased expression, with some of them being significant even at recommended safe exposure levels. The implications are quite serious since these effects have been observed at recommended safe levels with expression increasing in-line with exposure levels. The increased neuronal markers studied here have been previously correlated with behavioral/psychological disorders of children and young adults, as well as with childhood obesity and diabetes. However, further research must be performed in order to develop a mechanism for the above-mentioned correlations.
Highlights
Bisphenol A (BPA) can be found throughout our environment
The histological appearance of porcine liver subjected to 0.05 mg/kg bw/day of bisphenol A (BPA) was characterized as having central vein and hepatic sinusoid dilatation, as well as vascular congestion
The BPA exposed liver samples showed no changes in the hepatic lobular structure, they did show observable levels of vacuolar degeneration, sinusoidal dilatation, and vascular congestion
Summary
Bisphenol A (BPA) can be found throughout our environment It is a chemical compound commonly used as an epoxy resin in typical everyday products, such as the lining inside canned foods and beverages, pre-packed foodstuffs, packaged baby formula, baby bottles, and containers used for food-storage in the home. It may be found in dental prosthetics, and sales receipts that use thermal paper [1,2]. BPA is blocking and/or interfering with the normal functioning of estrogen within the human body It has been implicated in the disruption of thyroid hormone receptors, androgen receptors, and other endocrine system signaling pathways [5]. The main clinical manifestations that have been associated with BPA in the literature include reproductive disorders in adults, psychological and metabolic disorders in children, and neoplasms resulting from a weakening of the immune system [5,6,7]
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