Abstract
A multi-staged direct contact membrane distillation (MDCMD) system is designed considering a novel bispacer configuration in the present study. The proposed bispacer DCMD, which has not been addressed in the literature to best of our knowledge, is considered with two purposes, including increasing mechanical stability and turbulence. As increasing turbulence leads to increasing Nusselt number, the bispacer MDCMD provides higher permeate flux. An analytical approach is considered using energy and mass balance correlation. The effect of bispacer and feed operating conditions, including feed temperature, feed flow rate, feed salinity, and the number of stages on permeate flux and salt rejection of the developed MDCMD, are examined both analytically and experimentally. The performance and sustainability of the developed system were investigated by analyzing the parameters, including thermal efficiency (η), gained output ratio (GOR), and temperature polarization coefficient (TPC).
Highlights
Many countries worldwide suffer from freshwater shortages due to vast population growth and lack of natural water resources
Bispacer configuration had a significant effect on increasing mechanical stability and turbulence
It was revealed that an increase of feed temperature and feed flow rate lead to an increase of the permeate flux of both experimental and analytical results
Summary
Many countries worldwide suffer from freshwater shortages due to vast population growth and lack of natural water resources. Reports have indicated an increase of 2% in freshwater demand with almost a doubling of population growth rates [1]. Clean water is a critical international problem, which should be addressed comprehensively in more studies. Desalination systems as an alternative water resource have been developed extensively to satisfy the current demand and overcome the shortage. Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermal based technology, which can be used for the desalination of saline feed. Based on the vapor pressure gradient created across the hydrophobic membrane, clean water can be extracted [2]. A temperature difference across a hydrophobic membrane in MD systems creates partial vapor difference as a driving force
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