Abstract
Bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (BDDE) is a bromophenol isolated from marine algae. Previous reports have shown that BDDE possesses cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that BDDE displays broad-spectrum antifungal activities, especially on Botrytis cinerea. BDDE inhibits the growth of B. cinerea cultured on a solid medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA) as well as on the potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium. Moreover, BDDE decreases the incidence of fruit decay and severity of strawberries infected with B. cinerea. Further studies have revealed that BDDE decreases the germination rate and inhibits the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. The inhibition mechanisms are related to the disruption of the cell membrane integrity in B. cinerea spores and newly formed germ tubes. This study also suggests that BDDE possibly interacts with DNA via intercalation and minor groove binding. The studies provide evidence that BDDE has potential application in the control of gray mold after fruit harvest and the compound could serve as a candidate or lead template for rational drug design and for the development of antifungal agents.
Highlights
Phytopathogenic fungi, one type of major parasitic organisms, constitute a main threat to plants, and usually induce serious diseases and yield losses in crops [1]
We find that BDDE inhibits the spore germination and germ tube elongation of B. cinerea, and the mechanisms are related to the disruption of cell membranes in B. cinerea and the interaction with DNA
To evaluate the antifungal activities of BDDE in vitro, we examined its inhibition on mycelial growth to seven fungal pathogens
Summary
Phytopathogenic fungi, one type of major parasitic organisms, constitute a main threat to plants, and usually induce serious diseases and yield losses in crops [1]. Infection by phytopathogenic fungi on plants, such as gray mold, is generally treated with synthetic fungicides to control susceptible pathogens [2]. Synthetic fungicides often induce concern in food safety. To overcome these problems, continuous efforts to find safer, more effective control options with minimal risk to human health and the environment is urgent. Several bromophenols isolated from red alga Odonthalia corymbifera have been reported to be promising candidates for antifungal agents in crop protection. These bromophenols could inhibit the pathogenicity of fungus Magnaporthe grisea and reduce the appressorium formation on rice plants [11]
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