Abstract
BackgroundPhenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in elevated concentrations of phenylalanine (Phe) in the blood. If left untreated, the accumulation of Phe can result in profound neurocognitive disability. The objective of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to estimate the global birth prevalence of PAH deficiency from newborn screening studies and to estimate regional differences, overall and for various clinically relevant Phe cutoff values used in confirmatory testing.MethodsThe protocol for this literature review was registered with PROSPERO (International prospective register of systematic reviews). Pubmed and Embase database searches were used to identify studies that reported the birth prevalence of PAH deficiency. Only studies including numeric birth prevalence reports of confirmed PAH deficiency were included.ResultsFrom the 85 publications included in the review, 238 birth prevalence estimates were extracted. After excluding prevalence estimates that did not meet quality assessment criteria or because of temporal and regional overlap, estimates from 45 publications were included in the meta-analysis. The global birth prevalence of PAH deficiency, estimated by weighting regional birth prevalences relative to their share of the population of all regions included in the study, was 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53–0.75) per 10,000 births and ranged from 0.03 (95% CI 0.02–0.05) per 10,000 births in Southeast Asia to 1.18 (95% CI 0.64–1.87) per 10,000 births in the Middle East/North Africa. Regionally weighted global birth prevalences per 10,000 births by confirmatory test Phe cutoff values were 0.96 (95% CI 0.50–1.42) for the Phe cutoff value of 360 ± 100 µmol/L; 0.50 (95% CI 0.37–0.64) for the Phe cutoff value of 600 ± 100 µmol/L; and 0.30 (95% CI 0.20–0.40) for the Phe cutoff value of 1200 ± 200 µmol/L.ConclusionsSubstantial regional variation in the birth prevalence of PAH deficiency was observed in this systematic literature review and meta-analysis of published evidence from newborn screening. The precision of the prevalence estimates is limited by relatively small sample sizes, despite widespread and longstanding newborn screening in much of the world.
Highlights
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in elevated concentrations of phenylalanine (Phe) in the blood
Cases with Tetrahydro‐ biopterin (BH4) deficiency were included in 5 publications (6 birth prevalence estimates) and the presence or absence of BH4 deficiency was not reported in 58 publications (186 birth prevalence estimates)
We found that data elements that are key to understanding the reported birth prevalence estimates were often missing: 30% of the 238 estimates scored weak on case definition, and 66% scored moderate on this domain; 11% did not report the study setting/source population or derived the information from personal communications
Summary
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in elevated concentrations of phenylalanine (Phe) in the blood. The accumulation of Phe can result in profound neurocognitive disability The objective of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to estimate the global birth prevalence of PAH deficiency from newborn screening studies and to estimate regional differences, over‐ all and for various clinically relevant Phe cutoff values used in confirmatory testing. Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in elevated concentrations of the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) in the blood. The accumulation of Phe can result in profound neurocognitive disability [2]. Diagnosis and intervention are essential to preserve cognitive function [1, 3]
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