Birnessite mediated debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether

Abstract

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a major component of a commercial flame retardant formulation; however, there is limited information on the fate of BDE-209 in the environment, including metal oxide mediated degradation. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the birnessite ( δ-MnO 2)-promoted debromination of BDE-209 in tetrahydrofuran (THF)-water systems as well as catechol solutions. Up to 100% (0.1044 μmol initial charge) of BDE-209 disappeared upon reaction with birnessite in THF/H 2O (4:6–9:1). The formation of aqueous Br − from BDE-209 reduction was determined and up to 16 mole% of initial bromine was released over the course of the reaction indicating approximately 1.7 Br–C bonds were reduced per BDE-209 molecule. The distribution of debrominated congeners, however, indicated a much greater extent of debromination for some products than what was inferred from an average bromine mass balance. The produced congeners varied from tetra- to nona-bromodiphenyl ether, including BDE-47 and -99, during the 24 h reaction. Experiments with deuterated water indicated that water was not the major hydrogen donor in the reduction but rather THF provided the reducing power. This conclusion was supported by the presence of succinic acid, which was produced from oxidation of THF. The reactions with aqueous catechol, rather than THF-water mixtures, were performed to assess the possible role that compounds found in natural environments, such a tannin-like phenols, might have on the chemistry. These experiments indicated that birnessite mediated debromination of BDE-209 might occur in natural settings.