Abstract
BackgroundThere is concern of avian influenza virus (AIV) infections in humans. Subsistence hunters may be a potential risk group for AIV infections as they frequently come into close contact with wild birds and the aquatic habitats of birds while harvesting. This study aimed to examine if knowledge and risk perception of avian influenza influenced the use of protective measures and attitudes about hunting influenza-infected birds among subsistence hunters.MethodsUsing a community-based participatory research approach, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with current subsistence hunters (n = 106) residing in a remote and isolated First Nations community in northern Ontario, Canada from November 10–25, 2013. Simple descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the distributions and relationships between variables. Written responses were deductively analyzed.ResultsANOVA showed that males hunted significantly more birds per year than did females (F1,96 = 12.1; p = 0.001) and that those who hunted significantly more days per year did not perceive a risk of AIV infection (F1,94 = 4.4; p = 0.040). Hunters engaged in bird harvesting practices that could expose them to AIVs, namely by cleaning, plucking, and gutting birds and having direct contact with water. It was reported that 18 (17.0%) hunters wore gloves and 2 (1.9%) hunters wore goggles while processing birds. The majority of hunters washed their hands (n = 105; 99.1%) and sanitized their equipment (n = 69; 65.1%) after processing birds. More than half of the participants reported being aware of avian influenza, while almost one third perceived a risk of AIV infection while harvesting birds. Participants aware of avian influenza were more likely to perceive a risk of AIV infection while harvesting birds. Our results suggest that knowledge positively influenced the use of a recommended protective measure. Regarding attitudes, the frequency of participants who would cease harvesting birds was highest if avian influenza was detected in regional birds (n = 55; 51.9%).ConclusionsOur study indicated a need for more education about avian influenza and precautionary behaviours that are culturally-appropriate. First Nations subsistence hunters should be considered an avian influenza risk group and have associated special considerations included in future influenza pandemic plans.
Highlights
IntroductionSubsistence hunters may be a potential risk group for avian influenza virus (AIV) infections as they frequently come into close contact with wild birds and the aquatic habitats of birds while harvesting
There is concern of avian influenza virus (AIV) infections in humans
Our results revealed that the frequency of First Nations hunters who would cease harvesting birds increased as AIV was detected in more nearby geographic areas
Summary
Subsistence hunters may be a potential risk group for AIV infections as they frequently come into close contact with wild birds and the aquatic habitats of birds while harvesting. Most avian influenza viruses (AIVs) primarily replicate in the intestinal tract of wild birds and are spread amongst birds via an indirect fecal-oral route involving contaminated aquatic habitats [4]. During the 1997 Hong Kong “bird flu” incident, there was demonstrated transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A virus (H5N1) from infected domesticated chickens to humans [3]. Most pandemic plans include special considerations (e.g., enhanced surveillance, prioritization for vaccination, and antiviral prophylaxis) for avian influenza risk groups that include humans who come in close, frequent contact with domestic birds, such as farmers, poultry farm workers, veterinarians, and livestock workers [9,10]
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