Abstract
Demand for bioenergy is increasing, but the ecological consequences of bioenergy crop production on working lands remain unresolved. Corn is currently a dominant bioenergy crop, but perennial grasslands could produce renewable bioenergy resources and enhance biodiversity. Grassland bird populations have declined in recent decades and may particularly benefit from perennial grasslands grown for bioenergy. We asked how breeding bird community assemblages, vegetation characteristics, and biomass yields varied among three types of potential bioenergy grassland fields (grass monocultures, grass-dominated fields, and forb-dominated fields), and assessed tradeoffs between grassland biomass production and bird habitat. We also compared the bird communities in grassland fields to nearby cornfields. Cornfields had few birds compared to perennial grassland fields. Ten bird Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) were observed in perennial grassland fields. Bird species richness and total bird density increased with forb cover and were greater in forb-dominated fields than grass monocultures. SGCN density declined with increasing vertical vegetation density, indicating that tall, dense grassland fields managed for maximum biomass yield would be of lesser value to imperiled grassland bird species. The proportion of grassland habitat within 1 km of study sites was positively associated with bird species richness and the density of total birds and SGCNs, suggesting that grassland bioenergy fields may be more beneficial for grassland birds if they are established near other grassland parcels. Predicted total bird density peaked below maximum biomass yields and predicted SGCN density was negatively related to biomass yields. Our results indicate that perennial grassland fields could produce bioenergy feedstocks while providing bird habitat. Bioenergy grasslands promote agricultural multifunctionality and conservation of biodiversity in working landscapes.
Highlights
Interest in bioenergy is increasing in the U.S due to concerns about climate change, energy independence, air and water quality, and other issues [1,2]
Southern Wisconsin is well suited for this study because the central U.S is predicted to have high local biomass production of switchgrass under future climate scenarios [37], and several grassland bird species nesting in the study area are listed as Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) in Wisconsin [38]
Biomass and Gross Bioenergy Yields We measured fall biomass yield in October 2012 by recording leaf area index (LAI) and predicting biomass yield with an allometric equation we developed for our study area
Summary
Interest in bioenergy is increasing in the U.S due to concerns about climate change, energy independence, air and water quality, and other issues [1,2]. Using perennial grasslands to produce bioenergy feedstocks could help meet national cellulosic bioenergy goals and could promote multifunctionality of working lands by producing agricultural commodities and ecological benefits [4,5,6,7,8]. The influence of potential bioenergy grassland crop types on biodiversity is not well understood. Low-input high-diversity grassland fields, such as native prairies, could provide greater biodiversity value and ecosystem services compared to high-input low-diversity fields, such as intensively managed annual row crops [10,11,12].
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