Biotrophic Fungi Infection and Plant Defense Mechanism

Solomon Abera Gebrie

doi:10.4172/2157-7471.1000378

Abstract

Biotrophic pathogens derive nutrients from living cells by maintaining host viability. This host Maintenance sustain through highly specialized structural and biochemical relations. For valuable virulence activity biotrophic fungi have: highly developed infection structures; limited secretory activity, carbohydrate rich and protein-containing interfacial layers; long-term suppression of host defense; haustoria that used for nutrient absorption and metabolism. Plant defenses biotrophic fungal pathogen by penetration resistance and program cell death (PCD). Plant strengthens cell wall and membrane to halt spore germination and prevent the formation of the haustorium by Penetration resistance. The second resistance mechanism applied inside the penetrated epidermal cell that terminates nutrient supply to fungi for further development by induction of invaded program cell death. Plant innate immune responses occur through two basic interconnected forms: pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to activate defense signal molecules. However, Biotrophic fungi have several mechanisms to defend their effectors from plant receptor molecules. Once the fungal effector passes plant defense mechanism the plant will not resist. Subsequently the plant reduces production of defense signaling molecule like salicylic acid. This review overviews recent knowledge of biotrophic fungi infection and plant defense strategies.

Highlights

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ever-present bacterial systems that may function in genome maintenance and metabolic stress organization, but are thought to play a role in virulence by helping pathogens survive stress
The infection, colonization, and suppression of host defenses by C. fulvum are mediated by a number of effector proteins [12]
Biotrophic fungi have several mechanisms to defend their effectors from plant receptor molecules and rapid evolving system of their putative effectors

Summary

Introduction

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ever-present bacterial systems that may function in genome maintenance and metabolic stress organization, but are thought to play a role in virulence by helping pathogens survive stress. Plants secrete beta-1,3-glucanases to damage fungal cell walls but some pathogen produces glucanase inhibitor protein. For the success of pathogenesis including attachment, host recognition, penetration and proliferation biotrophic fungi form infection structure.

Results

Conclusion