Biotransformation of phytochemicals: Way forward to gut microbial, nutraceuticals and herbal therapeutics advancements

Abstract

Mammalian gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of symbiotic microbiotas representing viruses, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes including yeasts, fungi and protozoa. Compared to humans, the herbivores harbor a complex and metabolically efficient microbes which not only detoxify inadvertently consumed anti-nutritional phytochemicals, but also convert ingested tannin-polyphenols, saponins, phytoestrogens and alkaloids into metabolites which are more available and bioactive than their precursors. Some microbes detoxify toxicants and eliminate them from body. The resulting metabolites display a range of nutritional and therapeutic benefits besides their direct impact on enhancing diversity and functioning of the gut microbiome. Metabolically active gut microbiota and the metabolites generated might be the futuristic alternative biotherapeutics to develop nutraceuticals and plant-based health formulations primarily for ‘metabotype 0’ individuals. Further insights into novel microbial species, modes of microbial biotransformation of phytochemicals and botanicals will pave the way to develop futuristic non-antibiotic interventions to avert infections and boost human and veterinary health. Keywords: Gut microbiome; Phytochemicals; Biotransformation; Biotherapeutics Highlights: Gut microbes and dietary phytochemicals prevent host against chronic diseases and infections. Little is known about metabolism and modes of action of the GI metabolites of botanicals and herbal supplements. Gut microbial metabolites having anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-carcinogenic properties might be the futuristic therapeutics.