Abstract
Industrial processes and anthropogenic activities generate huge amounts of wastes in the form of chemicals, such as heavy metals, dyes, fertilizers, pharmaceutically active chemicals, battery effluents and so on. When these chemicals are left untreated and discarded in the ground or surface waters, they not only cause pollution and harm the ecosystem but also cause toxic effects on the health of human beings, animals and food crops. There are several methods of removal of these toxic materials from the wastewaters, and adsorption by bio-sorbents has been demonstrated as one of the most inexpensive, efficient and convenient methods. Citrus is one of the largest grown fruit crops in the tropical and subtropical regions on the planet. After processing of the fruits at food processing industries, approximately half of the fruit mass is discarded as waste, which causes a number of pollution problems. Alternately, this biomass can be converted to bio-sorbents for the removal of harmful and toxic chemicals from the industrial effluents and wastewaters. The first part of this article contains a thorough review on the biotransformation of citrus waste for the production of biofuel and valuable compounds by fermentation involving microorganisms. The second and concluding part reviews the recent progress in biotransformation of citrus waste biomass (that may be remaining post-extraction of valuable compounds/biofuel generation) into efficient adsorbent substrate materials and their adsorption capacities. The article also includes the details of the synthesis process and mechanisms of adsorption processes.
Highlights
Citrus is one of the most popular and largest cultivated fruit crops in the tropical and subtropical regions on the planet, with an annual turnover exceeding 110–124 million tons.The fruits are largely processed in the food processing industries, and approximately half of the fruit mass (45–55%) is discarded as waste
We focus on reviewing the recent progress in the field of citrus biomass research focused on producing energy, biofuels, important chemicals and bio-sorbent materials for the adsorption of dyes, heavy metals and toxic chemicals by processing of citrus waste biomass via biotransformation
The positive values of ∆H and ∆S shown are in favor of the adsorption process. These results show the affinity of the adsorbent towards the dye
Summary
Citrus is one of the most popular and largest cultivated fruit crops in the tropical and subtropical regions on the planet, with an annual turnover exceeding 110–124 million tons. The fruits are largely processed in the food processing industries, and approximately half of the fruit mass (45–55%) is discarded as waste. The waste, when directly discarded to the environment, causes huge problems in terms of pollution to the land and aquatic ecosystems, and underground as well as surface water resources. This waste can be utilized as a sustainable and renewable natural resource and feedstock in a number of ways to obtain industrially important chemicals and valuable products by utilizing modern extraction methods, chemical processing techniques and biotransformation. The authors have extensively reviewed the nature, properties and different technological processes of citrus waste valorization in their previously published articles [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
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