Biotransformation, estrogenicity, and steroid structure as determinants of dysmorphogenic and generalized embryotoxic effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogens

Abstract

A series of nine chemicals of varying structure and estrogenicity was investigated for biochemical determinants of their relative capacities to alter normal embryonic growth and developmental patterns during organogenesis in rats. In order to circumvent the potentially confounding influences of maternal factors, the direct effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogens on cultured whole embryos were compared at concentrations producing readily measurable embryotoxicity but low embryolethality (2–20%). Nonsteroidal estrogens included were diethylstilbestrol (DES), hexestrol (HES), E,E-dienestrol (α-DIES), and tamoxifen (TAM). Steroidal estrogens were estradiol 17β (E2), estrone (E1), and 17α-ethinylestradiol 17 β (EE). For comparative purposes, the effects of two essentially nonestrogenic phenols, Z,Z-dienestrol (β-DIES) and phenol, were also studied. TAM, a weak estrogen which also exhibits antiestrogenic properties, was studied for possible interactive effects with potent estrogens. Prosencephalic hypoplasia was the abnormality most consistently observed and was elicited by each of the chemicals investigated. Embryotoxicity was neither attenuated by TAM nor related to estrogenic potency or steroidal structure, but was strongly and unpredictably influenced by biotransformational determinants. Presence of a cytochrome P450-dependent oxidizing system in the culture medium resulted in marked increases in embryotoxicity of E1, E2, and phenol, only minor increases for β-DIES and α-DIES, but in strikingly decreased effects of EE, TAM, and HES. It produced no statistically significant differences in effects of DES. The results obtained were compatible with the concept that effects of these agents on growth and development during the earlier stages of organogenesis are independent of steroid structure or estrogenic activity but strongly dependent upon pathways and rates of biotransformation of some (but not all) of the parent chemicals.