Abstract
Most previous reports on the biotic interactions of crinoids have treated either the living or the fossil forms exclusively. Major treatments of the biotic interactions of living crinoids are those of Clark (1921), Hyman (1955), Fell (1966), and Breimer (1978). Interactions of extinct crinoids have been summarized by N. G. Lane (1978). In the present review, we have compiled evidence for biotic interactions of both living and fossil crinoids in order to elucidate the role of biotic interactions in crinoid evolution. In Sections 2 through 6, we consider direct interactions of crinoids with other organisms and other crinoids. In Section 7, Habitat Modification, we consider ways by which crinoids modify their environment which will affect other organisms. The evolutionary history of biotic interactions of crinoids provides evidence that predation and competition have played significant roles in crinoid evolution.
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