Abstract
Biotechnology is the manipulation of organisms to carry out specific processes. It has various applications that are relevant to many aspects of geography. At a fundamental level biotechnology is directed at manipulating energy flows, especially those in agriculture. Improved crop varieties, disease and pest control, as well as nutrient enhancement can all be achieved by biotechnology, culminating in increased agricultural productivity. There are significant environmental advantages though there are also constraints imposed by economic considerations. Mineral extraction, metal recycling and pollution abatement can also be improved by biotechnology which thus contributes to more efficient resource use and enhanced environmental quality. Food and fuel energy, notably biomass fuels, can also be so produced. The manifold implications of this technology for earth and social sciences thus require its inclusion in geographical studies.
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