Abstract
Lesion Simulating Disease 1 (LSD1), Enhanced Disease Susceptibility (EDS1) and Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) were discovered a quarter century ago as regulators of programmed cell death and biotic stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent studies have demonstrated that these proteins are also required for acclimation responses to various abiotic stresses, such as high light, UV radiation, drought and cold, and that their function is mediated through secondary messengers, such as salicylic acid (SA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), ethylene (ET) and other signaling molecules. Furthermore, LSD1, EDS1 and PAD4 were recently shown to be involved in the modification of cell walls, and the regulation of seed yield, biomass production and water use efficiency. The function of these proteins was not only demonstrated in model plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana, but also in the woody plant Populus tremula x tremuloides. In addition, orthologs of LSD1, EDS1, and PAD4 were found in other plant species, including different crop species. In this review, we focus on specific LSD1, EDS1 and PAD4 features that make them potentially important for agricultural and industrial use.
Highlights
Enhancing agricultural production is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century
The Lesion Simulating Disease 1 (LSD1), ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1), and Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) Regulatory Hub Links Plastoquinone, Salicylic acid, Ethylene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana
LSD1/EDS1/PAD4 is proposed to function as a regulatory hub in (EDS1)/PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) in Arabidopsis
Summary
Enhancing agricultural production is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Numerous studies demonstrate that LSD1, EDS1 and PAD4 form a specific hub that regulates cell death and acclimation responses to both, biotic and abiotic stresses [28,41,42,43,44,46,50,51]. The LSD1, EDS1, and PAD4 Regulatory Hub Links Plastoquinone, Salicylic acid, Ethylene, and ROS Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana Stress factors, such as high light, UV radiation and high temperature have an influence on the quantum-redox status of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (ETC) components [78], and on ROS production and the glutathione/ascorbate redox status. Under non-stress laboratory condition, eds and pad mutants accumulate less H2O2 than wild type plants [45], while double eds1/lsd and pad4/lsd exhibit similar of[35]. Wild type plants [45], while double eds1/lsd and pad4/lsd exhibit similar [35]
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