Abstract
Abstract Improvement in fertility must first come from improved breeding management and only then from the use of biotechnical procedures. Short-term progestagen treatments, either alone or with ovarian stimulation, have the potential to induce cyclicity during the postpartum anoestrous period, thus reducing the intervals from calving to oestrus and conception and increasing litter size. Embryo transfer to induce twinning offers the possibility of increasing the proportion of cows calving by 7–8% and the calf crop by 30–40%. The measurement of circulating levels of hormones such as progesterone and oestrone sulphate allows the diagnosis of both single and twin pregnancy and may also be used to determine the causes of some infertility problems. Recent studies have indicated that early embryo death rather than fertilization failure is a major factor contributing to reduction in fertility level. Continued study in this area may provide a therapy for increasing embryo survival.
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