Abstract
With the application of biotechnology in agriculture - the green biotechnology - in Europe we find ourselves in a turbulent phase between the already more structured application of the red biotechnology (medicine) and the low profile application of the white biotechnology (industrial use of genetically modified micro-organisms). In economic terms this turbulent phase can be characterized as a million dollar/Euro World Trade Organisation WTO conflict. In terms of governance it can be characterized as controversies about facts and controversies about values. The application of this technology in agriculture has forced the European governments into a learning by doing policy cycle both at the national level and in the European Union but also in Codex Alimentarius and the United Nations Environment Programme. In general the way out of policy controversies is creating a culture of consultation and dialogue about the ...
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