Abstract
Female sawflies in 3 genera of tenthredinid Hymenopterain the subfamily Nematinae (Phyllocolpa, Pontania, and Euura) incite a gall (procecidium) on Salicaceae during oviposition by injecting modified colleterial fluid. The resulting callus is a true tumor, and the incitant host plant specifically ranges from broad (Phyllocolpa) to species-specific (Euura). There are degrees of plant susceptibility to gall formation and insect inciting capability. Phyllocolpa engender an open gall along the leaf margins of Populus and Sali.v, Pontania create a variety of closed cecidia on the leaves of Salix, and Euura form closed bud, petiole, and stem galls on Salix. Diapause of stem-galling Euura apparently is controlled by the plant. Defense mechanisms and host specificity of sawflies, and parasitoid and inquiline complexes, gall structure, and relationship between species group of host plant and gall maker as shown by gall form, ovipositor structure, and larval behavior are discussed.
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