Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been established as antibacterial nanoparticles and have been innovatively developed to overcome the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the environment. In this study, an environmentally friendly and easy method of the biosynthesis of Ag-NPs plants, mediated by aqueous extract stem extract of Entada spiralis (E. spiralis), was successfully developed. The E. spiralis/Ag-NPs samples were characterized using spectroscopy and the microscopic technique of UV-visible (UV-vis), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Transmission Electron Microscope (FETEM), zeta potential, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyses. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) absorption at 400–450 nm in the UV-vis spectra established the formation of E. spiralis/Ag-NPs. The crystalline structure of E. spiralis/Ag-NPs was displayed in the XRD analysis. The small size, around 18.49 ± 4.23 nm, and spherical shape of Ag-NPs with good distribution was observed in the FETEM image. The best physicochemical parameters on Ag-NPs biosynthesis using E. spiralis extract occurred at a moderate temperature (~52.0°C), 0.100 M of silver nitrate, 2.50 g of E. spiralis dosage and 600 min of stirring reaction time. The antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris using an antibacterial disk diffusion assay. Based on the results, it is evident that E. spiralis/Ag-NPs are susceptible to all the bacteria and has promising potential to be applied in both the industry and medical fields.
Highlights
The related applications based on nanotechnology, are in great demand nowadays due to the unique biological, electrical, and optical biological properties of metal nanoparticles
According to Joy Prabu and Johnson (2015), these functional groups can reduce Ag+ ions to Ag0 by donating electron and hydrogen atoms that are stabilized by the anionic functional groups in the E. spiralis extract
The developed method of the biosynthesis of Ag-NPs mediated by E. spiralis extract using an eco-friendly method, good distribution, and high percentage yield, was successful
Summary
The related applications based on nanotechnology, are in great demand nowadays due to the unique biological, electrical, and optical biological properties of metal nanoparticles Properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, wound healing ability, coloration, conductivity, UV blocking, photocatalytic, and self-cleaning activity provide the materials with different functions (Wang et al, 2017; Keshvadi et al, 2019). The type of nanoparticles currently used for any application by industries are gold (Au), magnetite (Fe3O4), Titanium oxide (TnO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO), and Copper oxide (CuO) (Nava et al, 2016; Reddy, 2017) Among these metal nanoparticles produced today, silver (Ag) is one of the most popular and valued metals—especially in consumer products and in the medical field (Shameli et al, 2012; Khatoon et al, 2017)
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