Abstract
Haloferax sp strain NRS1 (MT967913) was isolated from a solar saltern on the southern coast of the Red Sea, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The present study was designed for estimate the potential capacity of the Haloferax sp strain NRS1 to synthesize (silver nanoparticles) AgNPs. Biological activities such as thrombolysis and cytotoxicity of biosynthesized AgNPs were evaluated. The characterization of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by Haloferax sp (Hfx-AgNPs) was analyzed using UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The dark brown color of the Hfx-AgNPs colloidal showed maximum absorbance at 458 nm. TEM image analysis revealed that the shape of the Hfx-AgNPs was spherical and a size range was 5.77- 73.14 nm. The XRD spectra showed a crystallographic plane of silver nanoparticles, with a crystalline size of 29.28 nm. The prominent FTIR peaks obtained at 3281, 1644 and 1250 cm− 1 identified the Functional groups involved in the reduction of silver ion reduction to AgNPs. Zeta potential results revealed a negative surface charge and stability of Hfx-AgNPs. Colloidal solution of Hfx-AgNPs with concentrations ranging from 3.125 to 100 μg/mL was used to determine its hemolytic activity. Less than 12.5 μg/mL of tested agent showed no hemolysis with high significant decrease compared with positive control, which confirms that Hfx-AgNPs are considered non-hemolytic (non-toxic) agents according to the ISO/TR 7405-1984(f) protocol. Thrombolysis activity of Hfx-AgNPs was observed in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, Hfx-AgNPs may be considered a promising lead compound for the pharmacological industry.
Highlights
Haloarchaea may be the best candidates for synthesizing nanoparticles because to S-layer glycoproteins present in their membrane
We report the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles intracellularly by unclassified species of Haloferax, Haloferax sp strain NRS1, and bioactivities for Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles Out of five tested isolates, one isolate (NRS1) exhibited a wide range of growth in presence of different concentrations of AgNO3 (0.05 up to 1 mM) and showed the highest growth rate at 0.5 mM AgNO3 Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles change in the color from orange-red to brown-black was observed after one week of incubation at 37 °C, in the presence of 0.5 mM A gNO3
Summary
Haloarchaea may be the best candidates for synthesizing nanoparticles because to S-layer glycoproteins present in their membrane. The intracellular biosynthesis of nanoparticles in haloarchaea, suggests these extremophilic microorganisms are promising in the field of nanobiotechnology (Beeler and Singh 2016). Few haloarchaeal strains Halococcus salifodinae BK3, Halococcus salifodinae BK6, have been reported for intracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Srivastava et al 2013, 2014). Costa et al (2020) reported the ability of Haloferax volcanii to synthesize silver and gold nanoparticles biosynthesis with distinct properties for nanobiotechnological applications. Further studies are required to explore more biosynthesized nanoparticles from microorganisms with unique properties for future applications. The main objective of this work is finding a novel application for non-toxic biosynthesized AgNPs by Haloferax sp strain NRS1 as a significant fibrinolytic agent
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