Abstract
Human blood exposed to irradiation absorbs electromagnetic energy which consequently effect temperature variation. The evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of human blood helps to ascertain the values for optimum laser power, time, and temperature variation for fair therapy to avoid blood-irradiation pollution but to enhance its rheological properties when using lasers. Prior knowledge of blood SAR evaluating its dielectric properties is significant, but this is under investigation. We investigate the appropriate SAR threshold value as affected by temperature variation using fundamental blood dielectric parameters to optimize the effect of low-level laser therapy based on physiological and morphological changes of the stimulated diabetic blood. Studies were carried out with Agilent 4294A impedance analyser at frequencies (40Hz – 30 MHz) and designed cells (cuvettes) comprises of electrodes were used in the pre- and post-irradiations measurements. At different laser power outputs, blood samples were subjected to various irradiation durations using portable laser diode-pumped solid state of wavelength 532 nm. Results showed laser at low energy is capable of moderating morphologically the proportion of abnormal diabetic red blood cells. Hence, there is a significant effect using a laser at low energy, as non-medicinal therapy in controlling diabetic health conditions. The positive biostimulation effects on the irradiated diabetic blood occurred within absorbance threshold SAR values range of 0.140?0.695 W/kg and average temperatures range of 24.2?28.0 0C before blood saturation absorbance peak. There is morphological stimulation at a laser power of 50 mW for an exposure time of 10–15 minutes and 60 mW for 5–10 minutes of laser therapy that demonstrates better blood rejuvenated conditions. This occurred within the threshold SAR of 0.140?0.695 W/kg and average temperatures range of 24.2?28.0 0C. Therefore, the diabetic blood irradiated using laser output powers of 70 and 80 mW during exposure durations of 5,10, 15 and 20 minutes rather bio-inhibits positive blood stimulation which has resulted to crenation due to excessive irradiation.
Highlights
Laser technology has significantly impacted in medicine and medical research studies due to its quick advancement and acceptance of non-invasive treatment techniques [1]
Blood samples were collected from the Wellness Centre of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang Malaysia, observing all the necessary safety conditions
Cells haemolysed haemolysed namide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and hemeprotein due to photosensitization of the cell chromophores. It is a key enabler for the various activation of signalling pathways, and the role of bio-stimulation in cells since laser light depends on them [2, 18, 20, 21, 23] (Figures 1,2, 3 and 4)
Summary
Laser technology has significantly impacted in medicine and medical research studies due to its quick advancement and acceptance of non-invasive treatment techniques [1]. Due to the use of headphones, there is a substantial amount of research in the literature that addressed the SAR assessment, little or no document has been done in lasers Collins and his group work on human head SAR determinations through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the authors estimated a head average SAR level range of 3.0 – 3.2 W/kg [7]. It is unlikely for a significant temperature increase in the brain to occur as a result of perfusion but SAR limits in any 1 g of head tissue may be exceeded. This research sought to investigate appropriate SAR threshold values with respect to temperature variations for the optimal effect of low-level laser therapy in terms of physiological and morphological changes on the diabetes blood. Do the same with non-diabetes human blood and compare to observe any difference in elucidating the effects of low-level laser biostimulation as a way to enhance diabetes mellitus practical non-medicinal therapy and prevention of some blood transfusion diseases
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