Abstract
Integrated optics (IO) is a relatively new field of activity. In the IO techniques light propagates in a thin slab of high refractive index matter, rather than through free space. In order to evaluate an interaction between a surface and a dissolved molecule, as many optogeometric parameters must be measured as parameters are needed to characterize the adlayer. Surface plasmons are collective oscillations of electrons in metals, and can be excited at optical frequencies in thin metal films. Measurement of the effective refractive indices of the guided modes was revolutionized by the introduction of inexpensive, disposable gratings. Smooth metal oxide planar waveguides make excellent substrates for preparing lipid bilayers by standard Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) techniques. As well as bilayers made from synthetic lipids, extracts from natural membranes can also be deposited using the combination of LB and Langmuir–Schaefer techniques.
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