Biosorptive removal of nitrophenol from aqueous solution using ZnCl2-modified groundnut shell: optimization, equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies

Abstract

This study investigated the viability of using waste groundnut shells (GSs) to produce efficient biosorbent capable of removing nitrophenol from aqueous solution. Waste GSs were washed thoroughly, dried, reduced to 2 mm particle size, and activated with ZnCl2. The surface and physical properties (moisture and ash content) of the activated GSs (AGSB) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and standard methods. Biosorption of nitrophenol was optimized using Box–Behnken design (BBD). Analysis of the optimization processes was carried out using statistical tools embedded in the Design Expert software (10.0.1). Batch biosorption was conducted to generate data to determine suitable adsorption isotherm models, adsorption kinetics models, and adsorption thermodynamics. The FTIR spectra of AGSB indicate a major shift in the functional groups after the activation process. The moisture and ash content of AGSB were 9.0% and 3.1%, respectively. The optimum adsorption capacity (AC) and removal efficiency (RE) obtained at 20 mg/L, 80 min, and 1.6 g were 7.888 mg/g and 90.62%, respectively. The AC and RE were well suited to quadratic models with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9853 and 0.9914, respectively. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models with R2 of 0.999 and 0.9843 were most suitable. The enthalpy, entropy, and Gibb’s free energy were in the ranges m − 20.46 to − 4.36, 20.14 to 86.17, and − 21.49 to − 5.02 kJ/mol, respectively. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of AGSB as biosorbent for wastewater treatment, thus facilitating the conversion of solid wastes for the amendment of nitrophenol concentration in the wastewater stream.