Abstract
Sorghum bicolor (S.B.) is used in this work for preparing chemically modified adsorbent for toxic metal ions, i.e., cadmium(II) and copper(II). Thiourea is selected for chemical modification of this plant waste by microwave solid fusion methodology, so that its chelating ability for metal ions can be enhanced in both acidic and basic conditions, in a cheaper and quicker way. Characterization was carried out by different physiochemical means using FT-IR, SEM, etc. An increase in pHpzc value was observed in TSB, which is confirmed by FT-IR analysis. The effect of biosorption process parameters was also studied and found that maximum removal of these toxic ions occurred in slightly acidic pH (5-6) conditions, following pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Boyd plots indicated that film dispersion mode was the rate-determining step. Langmuir model indicated that the maximum metal ion removal capacity of TSB was 17.241 mg/g and 15.151 mg/g for cadmium(II) and copper(II) ions. So, TSB can be used on a larger scale for toxic metal ion removal by Sorghum bicolor waste in a cleaner way.
Highlights
Industrial and technological advancements have raised various environmental issues
The sample was cooled and ground again to a fine powder. en, it was stored in plastic jars and labeled as TSB. en, both these samples were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, elemental analysis, surface area analysis, Boehm’s titration [20], and point of zero charge values by reported methods [21], and the results are compared in Table 1 and Figures 1 and 2
Comparison of relative mean square error (RMSE) values inferred that equilibrium data of Cu(II) and Cd(II) biosorption by SB and TSB can be best explained by the Langmuir equilibrium model. From these results, it is evident that thiourea treatment of Sorghum bicolor L. enhanced its metal ion chelating ability and in turn biosorption capacity
Summary
Industrial and technological advancements have raised various environmental issues. Contamination of water bodies with heavy metal is one of the most threatening environmental issues [1]. ey are highly toxic, nonbiodegradable, and released in the aqueous environment through industrial inefficiencies. Contamination of water bodies with heavy metal is one of the most threatening environmental issues [1]. Copper and cadmium are among the most toxic heavy metals. Ere is an increasing demand to develop/modify processes to substantially reduce the amount of hazardous metal ions present in wastewater effluent before its discharge in water bodies. Biosorption [3] is an emerging technology, in which microbes and dead biomass materials are utilized to remove contaminants from wastewaters [4]. Several biomasses have been utilized to remove copper and cadmium from aqueous solution, and these include wheat straw [5], sawdust [6], banana peels [7], neem bark [8], olive waste [9], and activated sludge [10]. In Asian countries, it is a major crop that produces a huge amount of agrowaste [18]. e modification was done in solvent-free environment under microwave radiation. us, the modification method was cleaner and eco-friendly in nature
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