Abstract
Industrial processes related to petroleum refining, coal coking, coal gasification and wood processing result in the production of liquid fuels and waste by-products, including motor fuels, coal tar, creosote and heavy oils. These organic-phase liquids are often sparingly soluble in water, and in the context of soil and sediment contamination are termed non-aqueous phase liquids or NAPLs. NAPLs such as fuel oil, creosote, gasoline and coal tar are multi-component mixtures that are composed of a broad range of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs). When NAPLs are released to the subsurface environment (e.g., from oil spills or leaking storage tanks), they function as long-term sources of HOCs, resulting in persistent soil and water pollution problems.
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