Abstract
Molecular logic gates, designs constructed with biological and chemical molecules, have emerged as an alternative computing approach to silicon-based logic operations. These molecular computers are capable of receiving and integrating multiple stimuli of biochemical significance to generate a definitive output, opening a new research avenue to advanced diagnostics and therapeutics which demand handling of complex factors and precise control. In molecularly gated devices, Boolean logic computations can be activated by specific inputs and accurately processed via bio-recognition, bio-catalysis, and selective chemical reactions. In this review, we survey recent advances of the molecular logic approaches to practical applications of biosensors, including designs constructed with proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, nanomaterials, and organic compounds, as well as the research avenues for future development of digitally operating “sense and act” schemes that logically process biochemical signals through networked circuits to implement intelligent control systems.
Highlights
A biosensor, a device that responds to a particular analyte in a selective way, incorporates “biological recognition” as sensing elements connected to a “transducer”
The results indicated that a positive output could be acquired only in conditions which met the requirements defined for breast cancer, showing the feasibility of complex Boolean logic constructed based on split DNAzymes
We have highlighted the recent advances in the development of biomolecular logical gates-based biosensors and actuators
Summary
A biosensor, a device that responds to a particular analyte in a selective way, incorporates “biological recognition” as sensing elements connected to a “transducer”. Boolean logic gates are physical devices that exert logical operations by receiving dual or multiple inputs and yielding a single digital output. Biocatalytic or bio-affinity activity can be the central constituent to benefit from a configuration of a biomolecular logical system Cascades of such biochemical events enable functionalities of logical operations and allow the (bio-)chemical output displayed by optical and electrochemical transducers. Expression patterns of miRNAs associated with cancers and other dysfunctions often involve simultaneous up (or down) regulation of multiple miRNAs [1] These features underscore the urgent significance of concurrent analysis of multiple targets of interest and manifest the integrity to develop the logical gates-based biosensors. Since the principal interest of the present review addresses the endeavors which explore the extreme applications of sensors with built-in biomolecular logical gates, the studies which indicated the specific application scope and evaluate diverse circumstances that potentially occur in association with the specified application, are summarized, yet proof-of-concept achievements which implemented biomolecular logical gates are excluded
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