Abstract
Enzyme electrodes and optical immunosensors are at the leading edge of the biosensor field. The sensitivity of multi-enzyme electrodes is shifted to the subnanomolar concentration range. With monoenzyme sensors, several thousand samples per hour are measurable. Direct as well as enzyme-labelled immunosensors nowadays reach the sensitivity of immunoassays. The effect of non-specific binding is the biggest challenge for further improvement. Using multi-enzyme systems or intact cells, biologically related parameters, e.g., taste, odour, fatigue substances, mutagenicity, allergenicity and biological oxygen demand are quantifiable. Further progress is expected by applying tailor-made enzymes, antibodies and neuronal networks.
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