Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a potential threat in the next decades. This is a global phenomenon whereby globalization is acting as a catalyst. Presently, the most common techniques used for the detection of antibiotics are biosensors, ELISA and liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry. Each of these techniques has its benefits as well as drawbacks. This review aims to evaluate different biosensing techniques and their working principles in order to accurately, quickly and practically detect antibiotics in chicken muscle and blood serum. The review is divided into three main sections, namely: a biosensors overview, a section on biosensor recognition and a section on biosensor transducing elements. The first segment provides a detailed overview on the different techniques available and their respective advantages and disadvantages. The second section consists of an evaluation of several analyte systems and their mechanisms. The last section of this review studies the working principles of biosensing transducing elements, focusing mainly on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology and its applications in industries.
Highlights
Antibiotics have been used extensively in the animal food industry since the early 1940s
Antibiotic resistance is becoming recognized as a threat capable of emerging within the 20 years
This problem is not limited to certain countries but affects the whole world with globalization acting as a catalyst
Summary
Antibiotics have been used extensively in the animal food industry since the early 1940s. Antibiotics are used as feed in sub-therapeutic concentrations to enhance growth [1]. This practice proves to be highly profitable as more flesh/meat can be obtained from animals receiving such treatment. An imbalance in the ecology is created, resulting in the spread of numerous resistant genes amongst other animals and humans [2]. This is alarming for humans in particular, since resistance to antibiotics signifies reduced drug effectiveness. One important example of the dangers of anti-bacterial resistance is illustrated in the outbreak of Salmonella in the city of Montevideo, USA, causing the infections of 245 individuals between July
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