Abstract
Celiac disease is a chronic gluten-initiated autoimmune disorder that predominantly damages the mucosa of the small intestine in genetically-susceptible individuals. It affects a large and increasing number of the world’s population. The diagnosis of this disease and monitoring the response of patients to the therapy, which is currently a life-long gluten-free diet, require the application of reliable, rapid, sensitive, selective, simple, and cost-effective analytical tools. Celiac disease biomarker detection in full blood, serum, or plasma offers a non-invasive way to do this and is well-suited to being the first step of diagnosis. Biosensors provide a novel and alternative way to perform conventional techniques in biomarker sensing, in which electrode material and architecture play important roles in achieving sensitive, selective, and stable detection. There are many opportunities to build and modify biosensor platforms using various materials and detection methods, and the aim of the present review is to summarize developments in this field.
Highlights
Celiac disease (CD) is a genetically predisposed chronic immune-mediated enteropathy that effects about 1% of the population of Europe and North America [1,2,3]
CD is caused by the ingestion of some peptides derived from wheat, barley, rye, oats, and hybrids of these grains, and intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms usually last for days, weeks, months, or even years after ingesting gluten
CD predominantly affects and damages the mucosa of the upper small intestine, repeated intestinal biopsy and histopathologic judgment of the tissue are required for the final diagnosis of CD [5,6]
Summary
Celiac disease (CD) is a genetically predisposed chronic immune-mediated enteropathy that effects about 1% of the population of Europe and North America [1,2,3]. Several clinical tests were developed in the past to determine serological biomarkers based on immunofluorescence (IF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [9,10,11] Limitation of these traditional assay methods for their wide scale routine application is that they require qualified operators and laboratory facilities equipped with expensive and sophisticated instruments, and they are time-intensive results are available only after a time delay. Electrochemical and optical biosensors are highly attractive for detecting biomarkers due to their high sensitivity and selectivity, relatively easy fabrication and operating procedures low cost, the potential to be miniaturized, and simplicity for operators [12,13] They appear as promising alternative to conventional ELISA techniques. The aim of the current review is to summarize recent developments on this field focusing on sensor architectures
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