Abstract
Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder which affects every aspect of patients’ life, including added socio-economic burden. Unfortunately, only a few suppressive medicines are available, and a complete cure for the disease has not been found yet. Excluding the effectiveness of available therapies, the timely detection and monitoring of epilepsy are of utmost priority for early remediation and prevention. Inability to detect underlying epileptic signatures at early stage causes serious damage to the central nervous system (CNS) and irreversible detrimental variations in the organ system. Therefore, development of a multi-task solving novel smart biosensing systems is urgently required. The present review highlights advancements in state-of-art biosensing technology investigated for epilepsy diseases diagnostics and progression monitoring or both together. State of art epilepsy biosensors are composed of nano-enabled smart sensing platform integrated with micro/electronics and display. These diagnostics systems provide bio-information needed to understand disease progression and therapy optimization timely. The associated challenges related to the development of an efficient epilepsy biosensor and vision considering future prospects are also discussed in this report. This review will serve as a guide platform to scholars for understanding and planning of future research aiming to develop a smart bio-sensing system to detect and monitor epilepsy for point-of-care (PoC) applications.
Highlights
The EEG and brain recordings helped in the development of a validated algorithm that can interpret the initiation of seizure-like electrical activity in the thalamus or vice-versa
A combined hybrid integrated technique, like functional MRI (fMRI) combined with EEG, has been able to mark the focus of epilepsy for the non-detectable epilepsy form by measuring the blood oxygen level dependent signal, indicating inner variations in the neurophysiology
This device consists of a light sensitive, electrically active, protein sensing neuroprobe, which works by changing photonic energy into electrochemical energy, which can be imaged in actual time, which can help treat devastating neurodegenerative disorders
Summary
Schematics of of biomarkers biomarkers for for the the prediction of the epilepsy. epilepsy biomarkers biomarkers can can be categorized categorized as electrophysiological electrophysiological signatures, signatures, In general, epilepsy neuroimaging, and andmolecular molecular biomarkers. The Whereas, the molecular biomarkers for epilepsy positron emission tomography (PET), etc. Generating profiles of such biomarkers, Further, these biomarkers when combined with a vision of nanotechnology’s effect, miniaturization of devices, and associated synergism can result in smart epilepsy management. These biomarkers when combined with a vision of nanotechnology’s effect, miniaturization of devices, and associated synergism can result in smart epilepsy management. The EEG and brain recordings helped in the development of a validated algorithm that can interpret the initiation of seizure-like electrical activity in the thalamus or vice-versa. All this eventually lead to the development of new and advanced biosensing devices. The nanotechnology assisted advanced sensing systems, research outputs existing in the market, and other systems capable in detecting and monitoring epilepsy are focussed
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