Abstract
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is widely used in biological and chemical sensing with fascinating properties. However, the application of SPR to detect trace targets is hampered by non-specific binding and poor signal. A variety of approaches for amplification have been explored to overcome this deficiency including DNA aptamers as versatile target detection tools. Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) is a high-efficiency enzyme-free DNA amplification method operated at room temperature, in which two stable species of DNA hairpins coexist in solution until the introduction of the initiator strand triggers a cascade of hybridization events. At an optimal salt condition, as the concentrations of H1 and H2 increased, the HCR signals were enhanced, leading to signal amplification reaching up to 6.5-fold of the detection measure at 30 min. This feature enables DNA to act as an amplifying transducer for biosensing applications to provide an enzyme-free alternative that can easily detect complex DNA sequences. Improvement of more diverse recognition events can be achieved by integrating HCR with a phase-sensitive SPR (pSPR)-tested aptamer stimulus. This work seeks to establish pSPR aptamer system for highly informative sensing by means of an amplification HCR. Thus, combining pSPR and HCR technologies provide an expandable platform for sensitive biosensing.
Highlights
The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor is based on an electromagnetic wave that oscillates between the metallic film and the dielectric plate
Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) is a high-efficiency enzyme-free DNA amplification process operated at room temperature in which two stable species of DNA hairpins coexist in solution until a cascade of hybridization events is triggered by the introduction of the initiator strand [27]
Improvement of more diverse recognition events can be achieved by integrating Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) with phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance (pSPR)-tested aptamer stimuli
Summary
The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensor is based on an electromagnetic wave that oscillates between the metallic film and the dielectric plate. SPR has been employed for the detection of nucleic acids [3,4], proteins [5,6] and small molecules [4], by measuring the reflective index change during complex formation or dissociation [7,8]. The application of SPR to detect trace targets, in complex biological samples, is hampered by non-specific binding and poor signal. According to the operating principles, SPR biosensors can be divided into angle-, wavelength-, intensity- and phase-sensitive devices. With their complex optical configurations, pSPR sensors generally provide higher sensitivity and throughput, and have recently emerged as prominent biosensing devices [9]. In special designed and custom developed instrumentations, the SPR enables the detection of DNA targets down to the femtomolar range or lower [12,13]
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