Abstract
Existing studies have shown that the toxicity of biomedical micro- and nanorobots is closely related to their size, morphology, surface modification, concentration, preparation method, and action time. Therefore, the design and evaluation of their biosafety is very important, and it has become the cornerstone of its biomedical application, which is also a fundamental issue related to the sustainable development of nanomedical technology. The physicochemical properties of the materials for biomedical micro- and nanorobots, such as chemical composition, size, shape, surface charge, surface chemical functional groups, and specific surface area, have an important impact on the internal circulation of micro- and nanorobots and their clearance in tissues and organs. The physical field-driven robot, which does not need any fuel, can obtain the movement ability only by using a variety of field effects such as light, electricity, magnetism, and ultrasonic fields, and has been pursued by researchers.
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