Abstract
Nitroaromatic and nitroamine compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) are teratogenic, cytotoxic, and may cause cellular mutations in humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Microbial-based bioremediation technologies have been shown to offer several advantages against the cellular toxicity of nitro-organic compounds. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma viride to degrade nitrogenous explosives, such as TNT, by microbiological assay and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. In this study, T. viride fungus was shown to have the ability to decompose, and TNT explosives were used at doses of 50 and 100 ppm on the respective growth media as a nitrogenous source needed for normal growth. The GC/MS analysis confirmed the biodegradable efficiency of TNT, whereas the initial retention peak of the TNT compounds disappeared, and another two peaks appeared at the retention times of 9.31 and 13.14 min. Mass spectrum analysis identified 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde with the molecular formula C6H6O3 and a molecular weight of 126 g·mol−1 as the major compound, and 4-propyl benzaldehyde with a formula of C10H12O and a molecular weight of 148 g mol−1 as the minor compound, both resulting from the biodegradation of TNT by T. viride. In conclusion, T. viride could be used in microbial-based bioremediation technologies as a biological agent to eradicate the toxicity of the TNT explosive. In addition, future molecular-based studies should be conducted to clearly identify the enzymes and the corresponding genes that give T. viride the ability to degrade and remediate TNT explosives. This could help in the eradication of soils contaminated with explosives or other toxic biohazards.
Highlights
Explosives are reactive chemical substances present in compounds or mixtures that contain a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly
In order to measure the ability of the T. viride fungus to decompose and use TNT as a source for repeated in triplicate, and the standard deviation (SD) was found to be below 2.1 for both the nitrogen needed during growth, T. viride colonies were cultivated on malt extract agar medium concentrations
−1 of 126 g·mol as−1the major compound, and 4-propyl benzaldehyde with the formula of C10 H12 O and a of 148 g·mol as a minor compound, both resulting from the biodegradation of TNT following the molecular weight of 148 g·mol−1 as a minor compound, both resulting from the biodegradation of TNT
Summary
Explosives are reactive chemical substances present in compounds or mixtures that contain a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly. T. viride fungus have the ability and to decompose andpeaks use TNT explosives at doses of 50 retention peak of TNT compounds disappeared, another two appeared at the retention and ppm on its growth media as the nitrogenous source needed for normal growth. In order to measure the ability of the T. viride fungus to decompose and use TNT as a source for the needed during growth, T. viride colonies were cultivated on malt extract agar medium. In order to measure the ability of the T. viride fungus to decompose and use TNT as a source for repeated in triplicate, and the standard deviation (SD) was found to be below 2.1 for both the nitrogen needed during growth, T. viride colonies were cultivated on malt extract agar medium concentrations.
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