Abstract
Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) are used by P. aeruginosa PAO1 to produce rhamnolipid biosurfactant. The process of fermentation producing of biosurfactant was structured in a 2 L bioreactor using 2% of PFAD and FAME as carbon sources in minimal medium and with a nitrogen concentration of 1 g L−1. Mass spectrometry results show the crude biosurfactant produced was predominantly monorhamnolipid (Rha-C10-C10) and dirhamnolipid (Rha-Rha-C10-C10) at 503 and 649 m/z value for both substrates. Maximum production of crude rhamnolipid for PFAD was 1.06 g L−1 whereas for FAME it was 2.1 g L−1, with a reduction in surface tension of Tris-HCl pH 8.0 solution to 28 mN m−1 and a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 26 mg L−1 measured for both products. Furthermore, the 24 h emulsification indexes in kerosene, hexadecane, sunflower oil, and rapeseed oil using 1 g L−1 of crude rhamnolipid were in the range 20–50%. Consequently, PFAD and FAME, by-products from the agricultural refining of palm oil, may result in a product that has a higher added-value, rhamnolipid biosurfactant, in the process of integrated biorefinery.
Highlights
IntroductionSustainable use of waste biomass by-products in a variety of marketable products and resources via biorefining processes is key to our transition to a low carbon economy
The technology of biorefinery was developed in the palm oil milling and refining industry with the production of bioelectricity, biogas, biofuels, and by-product chemicals, for example, empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel oil (PKO), palm kernel cake (PKC), palm kernel shell (PKS), press palm fibre (PPF), and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) becoming common [2]
fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), that the structure and composition of crude rhamnolipid produced from and we suggest that the structure and composition of crude rhamnolipid producedFAME
Summary
Sustainable use of waste biomass by-products in a variety of marketable products and resources via biorefining processes is key to our transition to a low carbon economy. This requires the latest technology for the sustainable biomass transformation into a product that has a high value, for instance, biofuels, chemicals, energy, and materials [1]. The technology of biorefinery was developed in the palm oil milling and refining industry with the production of bioelectricity, biogas, biofuels, and by-product chemicals, for example, empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel oil (PKO), palm kernel cake (PKC), palm kernel shell (PKS), press palm fibre (PPF), and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) becoming common [2].
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