Abstract
Prosthetic heart valves have been commonly used to address the increasing prevalence of valvular heart disease. The ideal prosthetic heart valve substitute should closely mimic the characteristics of a normal native heart valve. Despite the development of various interventions, an exemplary valve replacement does not exist. This review provides an overview of the novel engineering valve designs and explores emergent immunologic insights into age-dependent structural valve degeneration (SVD).
Highlights
The increasing prevalence of valvular heart disease worldwide is a global clinical dilemma, where the demand for interventions is expected to hit 850,000 by 2050 [1]
Using a subcutaneous implant model, Zilla et al demonstrated that the binding of graft-specific antibody to glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue enhanced the level of calcification by circa three times. These results suggest that antibody-mediated inflammation may contribute to BHV calcification and that the antibody originates from a carbohydrate source as the tissue is heavily fixed with glutaraldehyde to eliminate the antigenicity proteins via cross-linking
Transcatheter valves are currently used in the clinic with over 100,000 TAVI procedures performed worldwide in the past decade [33]
Summary
Prosthetic heart valves have been commonly used to address the increasing prevalence of valvular heart disease. The ideal prosthetic heart valve substitute should closely mimic the characteristics of a normal native heart valve. Despite the development of various interventions, an exemplary valve replacement does not exist. This review provides an overview of the novel engineering valve designs and explores emergent immunologic insights into age-dependent structural valve degeneration (SVD). Reviewed by: Marco Barbanti, Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy Augusto D’Onofrio, University of Padova, Italy. Specialty section: This article was submitted to Structural Interventional Cardiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.
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