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Abstract
Fusarium spp. are ubiquitous fungi able to cause Fusarium head blight and Fusarium foot and root rot on wheat. Among relevant pathogenic species, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum cause significant yield and quality loss and result in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins, mainly type B trichothecenes, which are a major health concern for humans and animals. Phenolic compounds of natural origin are being increasingly explored as fungicides on those pathogens. This review summarizes recent research activities related to the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity of natural phenolic compounds against Fusarium, including studies into the mechanisms of action of major exogenous phenolic inhibitors, their structure-activity interaction, and the combined effect of these compounds with other natural products or with conventional fungicides in mycotoxin modulation. The role of high-throughput analysis tools to decipher key signaling molecules able to modulate the production of mycotoxins and the development of sustainable formulations enhancing potential inhibitors’ efficacy are also discussed.
Highlights
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutralFusarium spp. are found in various ecosystems, including agricultural soils, where they have a relevant impact on cereal crops [1,2,3,4,5]
This review summarizes recent research activities related to the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity of natural phenolic compounds against Fusarium, including studies into the mechanisms of action of major exogenous phenolic inhibitors, their structure-activity interaction, and the combined effect of these compounds with other natural products or with conventional fungicides in mycotoxin modulation
Antioxidants have attracted considerable attention as they play a crucial role in the natural defense response of plants to oxidative stress caused by fungal invasion, and a strong, specific inhibitory activity was demonstrated for plant antioxidants against trichothecene-producing strains of F. graminearum and F. culmorum [61,62,63]
Summary
Fusarium spp. are found in various ecosystems, including agricultural soils, where they have a relevant impact on cereal crops [1,2,3,4,5]. Fungicides bearing an azole unit arethe widely in agriculture forthe the control of of management approaches, spanning from choiceused of tolerant cultivars, adoption Fusarium species and their mycotoxins as they are generally inexpensive, have a broad crop rotation strategies, reduced nitrogen application, management of crop residues, and spectrum of with action and longagents stability [40]. Antioxidants have attracted considerable attention as they play a crucial role in the natural defense response of plants to oxidative stress caused by fungal invasion, and a strong, specific inhibitory activity was demonstrated for plant antioxidants (e.g., phenolic and polyphenolic compounds) against trichothecene-producing strains of F. graminearum and F. culmorum [61,62,63]. The possibility to design different combinations of phenolics and other natural compounds with improved activity against pathogenic Fusaria will be discussed
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