Abstract
South Africa has a long history and strong belief in traditional herbal medicines. Using ethnobotanical knowledge as a lead, a large number of South African medicinal plants have been discovered to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. In this review, bioprospecting of endophytes is highlighted by following the advantages of the ethnomedicinal approach together with identifying unique medicinal plants where biological activity may be due to endophytes. This review focuses on the current status of South African medicinal plants to motivate the research community to harness the benefits of ethnobotanical knowledge to investigate the presence of endophytic microbes from the most potent South African medicinal plants. The potential chemical diversity and subsequent putative medicinal value of endophytes is deserving of further research. A timely and comprehensive review of literature on recently isolated endophytes and their metabolites was conducted. Worldwide literature from the last 2 years demonstrating the importance of ethnobotanical knowledge as a useful approach to discover endophytic microbes was documented. Information was obtained from scientific databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, Scirus, Google Scholar, Dictionary of Natural Products, Chemical s Services, official websites, and scientific databases on ethnomedicines. Primary sources such as books, reports, dissertations, and thesises were accessed where available. Recently published information on isolated endophytes with promising bioactivity and their bioactive natural products worldwide (2015-2017) was summarized. The potential value of South African medicinal plants as sources of endophytes is discussed. The insights provided through this study indicate that medicinal plants in South Africa are highly under-investigated sources of potentially useful endophytic microbes. New approaches may be used by medicinal plant scientists for further exploration of natural products from endophytic fungi and bacteria in southern Africa.
Highlights
Malaria, respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoeal diseases, and tuberculosis are leading transmissible and infectious diseases worldwide
Endophytes From South African Plants tuberculosis, pneumonia, and gastrointestinal infections, and such diseases accounted for 30% of all deaths (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013)
The vegetation regions of South Africa can be divided into four major types; forest and belts of palm in the east, south, and southwest coasts, the temperate grasslands which are located at the eastern portion of the interior plateau, the desert, and semi-desert natural region (Karoo) of the western interior and the final important natural habitat is the bushveld which covers the Kalahari and the northeast (Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2007)
Summary
Respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoeal diseases, and tuberculosis are leading transmissible and infectious diseases worldwide. A recent study provided the logical and plausible explanation that an endophytic fungus within the host plant responds to the entering pathogens and deploys to the infection sites in the same way as the circulating immune cells in animals, secreting the antimicrobial compound (Soliman et al, 2015). Endophytes protect their natural habitat within the host plant by secreting taxol in the extracellular spaces in hydrophobic bodies, as a very toxic compound to invading fungi. 1.Yew trees Taxus brevifolia, Taxus species and 1.Taxomyces andreanae four genera of the family Taxaceae such as
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