Abstract
Bacillus spp. and related genera native to soils of the pristine sacred groves from Meghalaya, India were characterized using biochemical and 16S rRNA gene analysis which revealed dominance of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Lysinibacillus and Viridibacillus in the groves. Biochemical estimation was carried out for in vitro testing of plant growth promoting traits present in these isolates. PCR screening were performed for plant growth-promoting related genes involved in the biosynthesis of acid phosphatase (AcPho), indolepyruvate decarboxylase (ipdC), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (accd) and siderophore biosynthesis protein (asbA). 76% of the sacred grove isolates gave an amplified fragment for AcPho. Three of the isolates gave an amplified fragment for IpdC gene. Apart from 2 isolates, all the other isolates including the reference strains were positive for the amplification of the accd gene indicating their potential to produce ACC deaminase enzyme. 42% of the isolates gave an amplified fragment for asbA gene indicating the potential ability of these isolates to produce the catechol type siderophore, petrobactin. Overall findings indicated multiple PGP genetic traits present in these isolates which suggested that these isolates are capable of expressing multiple PGP traits. Phylogenetic and sequence analysis of accd and asbA genes from the isolates revealed that asbA genes from Paenibacillus taichungiensis SG3 and Paenibacillus tylopili SG24 indicated the occurrence of intergeneric horizontal transfer between Paenibacillus and Bacillus.
Highlights
The state of Meghalaya, covering an area of 22 429km2 and located between 24°47’–26°10’ N and 89°45’–92°47’ E, is one of the species rich area under the mega biodiversity centers [1]
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have direct stimulation on plant growth by providing plants with fixed nitrogen; soluble phosphates and nutrients; iron sequestered by bacterial siderophores; stimulate plant growth through the production of plant hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD)
Another important mechanism by which PGPB stimulates the plant growth is through the activity of the enzyme ACC deaminase which causes lowering of plant ethylene levels resulting in longer roots
Summary
The state of Meghalaya, covering an area of 22 429km and located between 24°47’–26°10’ N and 89°45’–92°47’ E, is one of the species rich area under the mega biodiversity centers [1]. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have direct stimulation on plant growth by providing plants with fixed nitrogen; soluble phosphates and nutrients; iron sequestered by bacterial siderophores; stimulate plant growth through the production of plant hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD). IAA is synthesized from the precursor tryptophan via the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) pathway where indole pyruvate decarboxylase (ipdC) is one to the most important enzyme in the pathway [17,18,19] Another important mechanism by which PGPB stimulates the plant growth is through the activity of the enzyme ACC deaminase which causes lowering of plant ethylene levels resulting in longer roots. The occurrence of HGT was examined among the isolates of Bacillus and related genera by using the sequences of 16S rRNA gene and the PGP related genes
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