Abstract
Recently, microbial prodigiosin (PG) has received much attention due to its numerous beneficial applications. The aim of this study was to establish the bioprocessing of marine chitinous wastes (MCWs) for the cost-effective preparation of PG. Of the MCWs, demineralized shrimp shell powders (de-SSP) were found to be a potential source of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) for PG production by bacterial fermentation using Serratia marcescens strains. Further, PG scale-up production was investigated in a 15 L bioreactor system, and the highest yield (6200 mg/L) was achieved during fermentation using 5 L of a novel-designed culture broth that included 1.60% C/N sources (a de-SSP/casein ratio of 7/3), 0.02% K2SO4, and 0.05% K2HPO4, with an initial pH of 6–7. Fermentation was conducted in the dark at 27.5 °C for 8.0 h. This study was the first to report on the utilization of shrimp wastes for cost-effective, large-scale (5 L/pilot) PG production with high productivity (6200 mg/L) in a short cultivation time. The combination of 0.02% K2SO4 and 0.05% K2HPO4 was also found to be a novel salt composition that significantly enhanced PG yield. The red compound was purified and confirmed as PG after analyzing its HPLC profile, mass, and UV/vis spectra. The purified PG was then tested for its bioactivities and showed effective anticancer activities, moderated antioxidant activities, and novel anti-NO effects.
Highlights
Prodigiosin (PG) is a red pigment compound that belongs to the prodiginine family
In almost all previous reports, commercial nutrient mediums were used as C/N sources for fermentation, such as tryptone soy, tryptone yeast, yeast malt, glycerol [10], yeast extract [11], nutrient broth [12], glycerol-tryptone [13], peptoneglycerol [14], Luria/Bertani broth [10], and 3-[N-morpholino]-ethanesulfonic acid [15]
The marine chitinous wastes (MCWs), including shrimp shells, shrimp heads, crab shells, and squid pens were provided by Shin-Ma Frozen Food Co. (I-Lan, Taiwan), and demineralization of the MCWs was performed following the method detailed in an earlier study [54]
Summary
Prodigiosin (PG) is a red pigment compound that belongs to the prodiginine family. PG is a metabolite of various bacteria, such as Serratia marcescens, Alteromonas rubra, Rugamonas rubra, Streptomyces coelicolor, Serratia rubidaea, Janthinobacterium lividum, Streptoverticillium rubrireticuli, etc. [1]. Of these bacteria, Serratia marcescens has most commonly been reported to be used for PG production [2]. PG has been reported to possess various biological effects, including antibacterial, algicidal, antioxidant, immunosuppressant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer’s, antiparasitic, and insecticidal activities [3,4,5,6,7]. This microbial pigment is commonly used in food colorants, candles, textiles, and cosmetics, and has been recently used in novel solar cells [2,8]. PG shows high anticancer properties without causing toxicity to normal cells [2,9]
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