Abstract
This review is a synopsis of different bioprocess engineering approaches adopted for the production of marine enzymes. Three major modes of operation: batch, fed-batch and continuous have been used for production of enzymes (such as protease, chitinase, agarase, peroxidase) mainly from marine bacteria and fungi on a laboratory bioreactor and pilot plant scales. Submerged, immobilized and solid-state processes in batch mode were widely employed. The fed-batch process was also applied in several bioprocesses. Continuous processes with suspended cells as well as with immobilized cells have been used. Investigations in shake flasks were conducted with the prospect of large-scale processing in reactors.
Highlights
It has been realized that the marine realm is a rich and a largely untapped resource of products that are of potential interest to mankind, only a few of these marine natural products have reached the stage of commercial production
This review describes the different bioprocess engineering approaches adopted for the production of marine enzymes derived mainly from microbial and to a lesser extent plant or animal sources
These sections are (1) submerged processes, where the organism is grown in a liquid medium, which is aerated and agitated in large tanks called bioreactors or fermenters (2) immobilized systems in which the producing cell is restricted in a fixed space and (3) solid-state cultivations in which the bioprocess is operated at low moisture levels or water activities
Summary
It has been realized that the marine realm is a rich and a largely untapped resource of products that are of potential interest to mankind, only a few of these marine natural products have reached the stage of commercial production. As a skin-care product, it gently removes the dead cells in the outer layer of the human skin, initiating and enhancing the renewal and healing process of the skin Notwithstanding this success, there is still a lack of research into bioreactor engineering and bioprocess design in the area of cultivation of marine organisms to produce enzymes as noted in the review [3]. The performances of a culture (microbial, animal or plant cell) producing a bioactive compound is very different in a 250 mL shake flask, a 10 L laboratory reactor and a 10,000 L industrial reactor This is due to difficulty in maintaining homogeneity in large systems, changes in surface to volume ratio and alteration in the cultures themselves due to increased length of residence time. Interesting examples of extremophiles that produce unique biocatalysts, which function under extreme conditions comparable to those prevailing in various industrial processes [6] are provided
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