Abstract
In recent years, tissue engineering has achieved significant advancements towards the repair of damaged tissues. Until this day, the vascularization of engineered tissues remains a challenge to the development of large-scale artificial tissue. Recent breakthroughs in biomaterials and three-dimensional (3D) printing have made it possible to manipulate two or more biomaterials with complementary mechanical and/or biological properties to create hybrid scaffolds that imitate natural tissues. Hydrogels have become essential biomaterials due to their tissue-like physical properties and their ability to include living cells and/or biological molecules. Furthermore, 3D printing, such as dispensing-based bioprinting, has progressed to the point where it can now be utilized to construct hybrid scaffolds with intricate structures. Current bioprinting approaches are still challenged by the need for the necessary biomimetic nano-resolution in combination with bioactive spatiotemporal signals. Moreover, the intricacies of multi-material bioprinting and hydrogel synthesis also pose a challenge to the construction of hybrid scaffolds. This manuscript presents a brief review of scaffold bioprinting to create vascularized tissues, covering the key features of vascular systems, scaffold-based bioprinting methods, and the materials and cell sources used. We will also present examples and discuss current limitations and potential future directions of the technology.
Highlights
Human organ function and physiology depend on a functional vascular system to facilitate oxygen and nutrient supply as well as the removal of metabolic products.Ischemia, a temporary or prolonged reduction in blood supply to a target organ, can lead to tissue dysfunction and necrosis [1] due to a lack of oxygen, nutrients, and a failure to eliminate metabolic waste products
They printed a layer of collagen, and after its polymerization, they printed the vascular channel using a mixture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and gelatin in the ratio of 1:1
A variety of synthetic polymers have been used for 3D bioprinting, such as polylactic acid (PLA) [52,103,104], polycaprolactone (PCL) [105], polyethylene glycol (PEG) [84,106], polypropylene fumarate (PPF) [107], and Pluronic® F127 [108]
Summary
Human organ function and physiology depend on a functional vascular system to facilitate oxygen and nutrient supply as well as the removal of metabolic products. A temporary or prolonged reduction in blood supply to a target organ, can lead to tissue dysfunction and necrosis [1] due to a lack of oxygen (hypoxia), nutrients, and a failure to eliminate metabolic waste products. In this context, avoiding ischemia time remains critical to preventing hypoxic injury and potential damages to transplant tissues and organs. Recent advances in microfabrication and materials engineering [3] improved the control over the critical factors for the fabrication of in-vivo like blood vessels, including the cellular aspects (i.e., phenotypes [4], alignment [5], patterns [6]) and cell microenvironment [7,8]. We will present relevant examples for the formation of vascularization networks in different engineered tissues and discuss the limitations and the future of the process
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