Abstract
The development of soft tissue regeneration has recently gained importance due to safety concerns about artificial breast implants. Current autologous fat graft implantations can result in up to 90% of volume loss in long-term outcomes due to their limited revascularization. Adipose tissue has a highly vascularized structure which enables its proper homeostasis as well as its endocrine function. Mature adipocytes surrounded by a dense vascular network are the specific features required for efficient regeneration of the adipose tissue to perform host anastomosis after its implantation. Recently, bioprinting has been introduced as a promising solution to recreate in vitro this architecture in large-scale tissues. However, the in vitro induction of both the angiogenesis and adipogenesis differentiations from stem cells yields limited maturation states for these two pathways. To overcome these issues, we report a novel method for obtaining a fully vascularized adipose tissue reconstruction using supporting bath bioprinting. For the first time, directly isolated mature adipocytes encapsulated in a bioink containing physiological collagen microfibers (CMF) were bioprinted in a gellan gum supporting bath. These multilayered bioprinted tissues retained high viability even after 7 days of culture. Moreover, the functionality was also confirmed by the maintenance of fatty acid uptake from mature adipocytes. Therefore, this method of constructing fully functional adipose tissue regeneration holds promise for future clinical applications.
Highlights
Soft tissue can be damaged by trauma, disease, high-grade burns, deep wounds, congenital deformities, or tumor resection
We firstly demonstrated the advantages of bioprinting using the gellan gum (GG) supporting bath for this purpose as compared to the classic patterning bioprinting on a surface
We emphasized the importance of collagen microfibers (CMF) to provide stable and functional human engineered tissues [36,37,38]
Summary
Soft tissue can be damaged by trauma, disease, high-grade burns, deep wounds, congenital deformities, or tumor resection In such cases, large fatty tissue reconstruction should be readily available to provide an aesthetic structural and functional restoration, as well as for ameliorating patients’ psychological distress. Large fatty tissue reconstruction should be readily available to provide an aesthetic structural and functional restoration, as well as for ameliorating patients’ psychological distress These large defective adipose tissues, in particular following mastectomy, were traditionally replaced by artificial prostheses because of their easy and fast implantation, with a relatively short recovery time. They have a limited lifespan of 10–20 years forcing patients to undergo additional surgeries. An additional safety concern has recently been raised about artificial implants because of their link with Breast ImplantAssociated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) occurrence [2], greatly reducing their clinical use
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