Abstract
The present paper synthesized, characterized, and evaluated the performance of the novel biopolymeric membrane enriched with cellulose acetate and chitosan (CHI)-silver (Ag) ions in order to remove iron ion from the synthetic wastewater using a new electrodialysis system. The prepared membranes were characterized by Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DSC), contact angle measurements, microscopy studies, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrodialysis experiments were performed at the different applied voltages (5, 10, and 15 V) for one hour, at room temperature. The treatment rate (TE) of iron ions, current efficiency (IE), and energy consumption (Wc) were calculated. FTIR-ATR spectra evidenced that incorporation of CHI-Ag ions into the polymer mixture led to a polymer-metal ion complex formation within the membrane. The TGA-DSC analysis for the obtained biopolymeric membranes showed excellent thermal stability (>350 °C). The contact angle measurements demonstrated the hydrophobic character of the polymeric membrane and a decrease of it by CHI-Ag adding. The EIS results indicated that the silver ions induced a higher ionic electrical conductivity. The highest value of the iron ions treatment rate (>60%) was obtained for the biopolymeric membrane with CHI-Ag ions at applied voltage of 15 V.
Highlights
IntroductionThe pollution of water with different metallic ions (i.e., Fe2+ , Cu2+ , Pb2+ , Cr3+ , Ni2+ , Cd2+ , Co2+ , Mn2+ , Pd2+ ), even in trace quantities, becomes a pressing problem for public health and environmental because these are toxic, nonbiodegradable, and damaging to the environment.Wastewater effluents that contain significant quantities of iron ions, present as Fe2+ or Fe3+ , can be provided from many industries, such as automobiles, machinery, tools, paints and treated timber, industrial and domestic equipment, along with smelting, mining industry, metallurgy, clinical activities, erosion, or other geological processes [1,2,3,4].Zn2+ , Polymers 2020, 12, 1792; doi:10.3390/polym12081792 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersIron (Fe) is an essential element necessary for all living organisms in limited amounts
The results showed that the biopolymeric membrane enriched with the chitosan-silver ions can be successfully used for the removal of iron ions from synthetic industrial wastewater using a new electrodialysis system
The obtained data indicated that the efficiency increased due to the incorporation of chitosan-based AgNO3 solution (CHI-Ag) into the cellulose acetate (CA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) membrane
Summary
The pollution of water with different metallic ions (i.e., Fe2+ , Cu2+ , Pb2+ , Cr3+ , Ni2+ , Cd2+ , Co2+ , Mn2+ , Pd2+ ), even in trace quantities, becomes a pressing problem for public health and environmental because these are toxic, nonbiodegradable, and damaging to the environment.Wastewater effluents that contain significant quantities of iron ions, present as Fe2+ or Fe3+ , can be provided from many industries, such as automobiles, machinery, tools, paints and treated timber, industrial and domestic equipment, along with smelting, mining industry, metallurgy, clinical activities, erosion, or other geological processes [1,2,3,4].Zn2+ , Polymers 2020, 12, 1792; doi:10.3390/polym12081792 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymersIron (Fe) is an essential element necessary for all living organisms in limited amounts. The pollution of water with different metallic ions (i.e., Fe2+ , Cu2+ , Pb2+ , Cr3+ , Ni2+ , Cd2+ , Co2+ , Mn2+ , Pd2+ ), even in trace quantities, becomes a pressing problem for public health and environmental because these are toxic, nonbiodegradable, and damaging to the environment. The iron overdose might appear either due to hemochromatosis (a genetic disorder) or if a healthy person consumes drinking water with Fe2+ contents exceeding 200 mg, being lethal within the range of 10–50 g. Such behavior could be ascribed to the specific pro-oxidant action of the uncomplexed or partially complexed Fe2+ that could participate in the specific Fenton processes generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) able to damage the cells [5]. For the drinking water, there were imposed strict concentration limits to 0.3 mg/L, based on the recommendation of the World Health Organization and by the Environmental
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