Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes complications is a significant public health problem with a considerable economic cost. Thus, the timely diagnosis of complications and prevention of their development will contribute to increasing the length and quality of patient life, and reducing the economic costs of their treatment. This article aims to review the current state-of-the-art biophotonics technologies used to identify the complications of diabetes mellitus and assess the quality of their treatment. Additionally, these technologies assess the structural and functional properties of biological tissues, and they include capillaroscopy, laser Doppler flowmetry and hyperspectral imaging, laser speckle contrast imaging, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and imaging, fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging, optical coherence tomography, optoacoustic imaging and confocal microscopy. Recent advances in the field of optical noninvasive diagnosis suggest a wider introduction of biophotonics technologies into clinical practice and, in particular, in diabetes care units.
Highlights
Studies related to diabetes mellitus (DM) are attracting increased attention from scientists around the world
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to blood vessels damage, which causes the development of diabetes complications [1, 2]
Optical noninvasive diagnostic technologies are promising in the study of diabetes complications and have a large potential to aid clinical assessment
Summary
Studies related to diabetes mellitus (DM) are attracting increased attention from scientists around the world. DM is a group of chronic long-term diseases characterized by various metabolic disorders. There are two main forms of diabetes: type 1 and type 2 diabetes, diabetes can occur during pregnancy and under the influence of other conditions. The clinical course of diabetes is characterized by a state of hyperglycemia resulting from insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to blood vessels damage, which causes the development of diabetes complications [1, 2]. Over the past few years, the prevalence of diabetes has reached alarmingly high levels. The number of diagnosed patients with this disease already amounts to approximately half a billion worldwide, and this number will only grow in the near future, according to forecasts [3]
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